Instructions

Click here for an overview of this lesson.

Essential Questions

• How do groups, communities, and nations define who belongs and who does not?
• How do individuals define the continuum of people for whom they feel responsible?
• What factors influence the extent to which we feel an obligation to help others? How does the way we view others influence our feelings of responsibility toward them?

Activities

• Respond to quotations
  • Begin the lesson by asking students to choose one of the following three quotations to write about in their journals:
    • Eighteenth-century philosopher David Hume (as paraphrased by Rabbi Jonathan Sacks): “Our sense of empathy diminishes as we move outward from the members of our family to our neighbors, our society, and the world. Traditionally, our sense of involvement with the fate of others has been in inverse proportion to the distance separating us and them.”
    • Nineteenth-century sociologist William Graham Sumner: “Every man and woman in society has one big duty. That is, to take care of his or her own self.”
    • Scholar and social activist Chuck Collins: “Of course, we have to respond to our immediate family, but, once they’re O.K., we need to expand the circle. A larger sense of family is a radical idea, but we get into trouble as a society when we don’t see that we’re in the same boat.”
  • After copying one of these quotations into their journals, students should respond to the following questions about it:
    • What is the author’s vision of community?
    • What responsibilities and obligations do individuals have to each other, according to this author?
    • Do you agree with the author’s statement? Are there any parts of the statement that make you feel uncomfortable?
  • After writing in their journals, students should discuss and share their thinking using the Think, Pair, Share teaching strategy.

• Illustrate an Individual “Universe of Obligation”
  • Read this Universe of Obligation overview with the class. Discuss the questions that follow the reading, and then give each student a copy of the Universe of Obligation handout. Give students time to follow the instructions and complete the activity on the handout.
  • Have students meet in groups of two or three to discuss their experience of trying to illustrate their universes of obligation. In their discussions, they should address the following questions:
    • What was the experience of illustrating your universe of obligation like?
    • What did you think about when deciding where to place certain groups in your universe of obligation? Which decisions were difficult? Which were easy?
    • Under what conditions might your universe of responsibility shift?
    • What is the difference between an individual’s universe of obligation and that of a school, community, or country?

• Illustrate a Group’s “Universe of Obligation”
  • Repeat the second activity, above, this time asking each student to choose a group to which he or she belongs—such as a school, neighborhood, or country—and illustrate that group’s universe of obligation. Again, students can conclude the activity by sharing their thinking with two or three classmates and discussing the same questions listed above, this time in relation to the group universe of obligation they illustrated.

Source

Facing History and Ourselves is a nonprofit international educational and professional development organization. By integrating the study of history, literature, and human behavior with ethical decision-making and innovative teaching strategies, Facing History enables secondary school teachers to promote students’ historical understanding, critical thinking, and social-emotional learning. As students explore the complexities of history, and make connections to current events, they reflect on the choices they confront today and consider how they can make a difference. www.facinghistory.org

Evidence That It Works

A group of researchers recently developed “The Identification With All Humanity” scale (IWAH) that assesses the degree to which someone identifies with “all humans everywhere.” “Identifying” includes things like feeling love toward, feeling similar to, and believing in, independent of how much they identify with people in their own community and country.

The researchers found that people who score high in IWAH are more concerned about global issues such as combating world hunger and addressing human rights violations, even when controlling for dispositional empathy and moral concern. High scorers also valued ingroup and outgroup lives more equally than low scorers. (Values placed on lives was measured by having participants choose between policies that pit lives in one country against economic loss or gain in the other and comparing those policy preferences.)

Why Does It Matter?

It’s an exciting time to live in this world, as it grows smaller and the divisions start to disappear. And yet, according to researchers, empathy—a critical quality that helps humans feel connected and compassionate towards one another—may be on the decline in students.

Cultivating students’ global citizenship builds not only their knowledge and skills, but also their interest in and empathy for people and issues outside their everyday lives. As our schools, workforce, and communities become more diverse, encouraging students to enlarge their circles of concern—reaching out to others in friendship and understanding—help us to create a kinder, more compassionate, and equitable world—one in which our “universe of obligation” is greatly expanded.